This report by TOMRA and Eunomia examines waste management models through three European case studies: Friesland (Netherlands), Milan (Italy), and Stavanger (Norway). It evaluates recycling rates, greenhouse gas emissions, and the effectiveness of systems like Deposit Return Schemes (DRS) and Mixed Waste Sorting (MWS). The study highlights that with improved policy frameworks and advanced waste processing technologies, recycling efficiency and environmental benefits can increase significantly, pushing Europe closer to its net-zero goals.​