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The European Reuse Barometer provides an in-depth analysis of the reusable packaging landscape across Europe. It highlights the environmental and economic benefits of reusable packaging, but also recognises the significant scale required to make these systems viable. Key findings show strong consumer engagement, high return rates, and operational adaptability, especially in sectors like takeaway, retail, and e-commerce. The report underlines the importance of policy support, financial incentives, and collaborative infrastructure to overcome barriers, such as the dominance of single-use packaging and logistical challenges. The barometer ultimately aims to provide stakeholders with critical insights and support the European transition to reusable packaging through annual tracking and assessment.
The first part of the Give rEUse a Green Light report gathers scientific studies explaining how well-designed reusable packaging systems contribute more positively to the environment, the economy, and society than single-use packaging does. Nowadays 40% of plastics and 50% of all paper used in the EU is destined for packaging, therefore showing how recycling cannot be the only option out of the single-use packaging waste crisis. By illustrating the key parameters of an effective reuse system as well as the conditions that are needed to implement them, this report acts as a complete guide to the world of reusable packaging.
This study explores strategies to scale returnable packaging systems to reduce plastic waste, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and conserve water. It advocates for high levels of collaboration across industries to create efficient, cost-effective reuse models. The analysis includes environmental and economic modelling across product categories like beverages and personal care, highlighting the need for policy support and industry-wide infrastructure to make reusable packaging a viable mainstream solution. Moreover, these parameters are applied to 3 packaging categories in an open loop system: food containers for takeaway food, secondary transport packaging and beverage bottles.
The report “A Just Transition to Reusable Packaging” focuses on the conditions and benefits of transitioning from single-use to reusable packaging, primarily in the grocery retail and HoReCa sectors. It highlights the socio-economic impacts on businesses, workers, consumers, and communities, exploring how reusable packaging can create jobs, reduce environmental waste, and support local economies. The report advocates for policy frameworks and economic incentives to support this transition, and it emphasises the role of social enterprises in ensuring equitable outcomes for all stakeholders involved.
The report proposes a systems change to address the causes of plastic pollution, starting by reducing problematic and unnecessary plastic use, redesigning the system, products and their packaging and combining these with a market transformation towards circularity in plastics. This can be achieved by accelerating three key shifts – reorient and diversify, reuse, and recycle – and actions to deal with the legacy of plastic pollution.
This topic sheet is part of the publication “Turning off the Tap: How the world can end plastic pollution and create a circular economy”. It discusses the importance of reuse schemes as a scalable solution to reduce plastic waste at the source. It explains various models of reuse, from refillable containers to subscription services, highlighting their potential to cut plastic pollution, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and create economic benefits. The document emphasises the need for supportive policies, consumer behaviour shifts, and investment to scale these schemes. It also outlines key success factors, such as achieving a high number of reuse cycles and standardisation, to ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of reuse initiatives.
This study builds upon Eunomia’s previous investigation into materials decarbonisation pathways. Focussing on the four materials with the greatest emissions globally, the study found that each will have great difficulty in reducing GHG emissions in line with a 1.5°C future by 2050, particularly if mass consumption continues and increases. Whilst studying the global material picture provides valuable insights; policymakers may find it more useful to have the same approach applied at the product level. Therefore, this study delves into the Net Zero pathways of aluminium, PET, and glass when utilised in beverage packaging within the EU, evaluating their potential performance within a cumulative GHG emissions budget that aligns with the goal of limiting global warming to 1.5°C.
The report outlines a vision to achieve “30 by 30” — with 30% of consumable goods in the U.S. and Canada sold in reusable formats by 2030. It examines the significant environmental impact of single-use packaging and presents reuse systems as a viable alternative, especially for the food service, beverage, and consumer packaged goods sectors. The report advocates for transforming packaging from a product to a service, requiring new infrastructure, industry collaboration, and policy support. The aim is to establish scalable, local reuse systems that reduce waste and operational costs while addressing Scope 3 climate emissions, making reuse a sustainable, economically viable option for businesses.
Despite the proven environmental and economic benefits of reusable packaging systems, Europe has seen a steady decline in the share of reusable packaging over the last decades. This report examines the state of reusable packaging in Europe, highlighting its environmental and economic benefits over single-use packaging. It identifies the economic factors driving the shift towards single-use packaging and the resulting negative environmental impacts. The report aims to identify the packaging sectors with the greatest potential for transitioning to reusable options, advocating for targeted legislation and infrastructure to support this change. The study is part of the ReuSe Vanguard Project (RSVP), a collaborative European effort to promote reusable packaging systems.
“Breaking the Plastic Wave,” a global analysis using first-of-its-kind modelling, shows that we can cut annual flows of plastic into the ocean by about 80% in the next 20 years by applying existing solutions and technologies. The report argues that no single solution can achieve this goal; the only way to break the plastic wave is by taking immediate, ambitious, and concerted actions.
This report by TOMRA and Eunomia examines waste management models through three European case studies: Friesland (Netherlands), Milan (Italy), and Stavanger (Norway). It evaluates recycling rates, greenhouse gas emissions, and the effectiveness of systems like Deposit Return Schemes (DRS) and Mixed Waste Sorting (MWS). The study highlights that with improved policy frameworks and advanced waste processing technologies, recycling efficiency and environmental benefits can increase significantly, pushing Europe closer to its net-zero goals.
The report builds on proprietary research to create a framework for the viability of reuse systems and serve as a guide for the scaling of reuse. It discusses the three primary actors of systems change required, which will dictate the pace and trajectory of the shift towards reuse: consumers; business; the public sector. The report presents the Reuse Viability Framework, a proprietary ground-breaking tool created by the initiative, to establish the viability of reuse-centred production and consumption cycles and demonstrate the potential for superior economic, environmental and social impact relative to single-use alternatives. The report also highlights three potential scenarios for the development of a reuse economy by 2030 including one where that the equivalent of half of annual plastic ocean waste can be prevented by reusing just 10-20% of plastic packaging.
The report examines Germany’s packaging system, revealing that despite high collection and recycling rates, much of the plastic waste is incinerated, leading to significant environmental costs. The analysis shows that transitioning to a circular economy could cut waste, lower CO2 emissions, and reduce reliance on virgin plastic by 2040. It emphasises the need for a shift towards circular resource management, focusing on waste prevention and material reuse. Achieving this requires political will, industry action, and collaboration between stakeholders.
This document outlines policy recommendations to advance reusable packaging systems in the U.S. In line with Target 2 of the Pact’s 2025 Roadmap, which aims for 100% of plastic packaging to be reusable, recyclable, or compostable by 2025, the guidance addresses policy barriers and opportunities for reuse. It advocates for legislative and regulatory support to create a consistent framework that enables reuse innovation, fosters new jobs, and prioritises waste prevention over waste management. The document also highlights the role of businesses and other stakeholders in driving reuse policy and infrastructure development.
This document aims to standardise metrics for measuring progress on reusable packaging systems. It outlines a framework to support public and private sector stakeholders, including corporations, policymakers, and non-profits, in scaling reuse practices to combat plastic waste. Key areas covered include definitions and parameters for reuse, two prioritised metrics to assess progress (share of reusable product volume and reuse effectiveness), and detailed measurement approaches. The report emphasises the need for harmonisation in measurement to facilitate transparency, build consumer trust, and drive systemic change towards reducing single-use plastic and promoting a circular economy.
The European Reuse Barometer provides an in-depth analysis of the reusable packaging landscape across Europe. It highlights the environmental and economic benefits of reusable packaging, but also recognises the significant scale required to make these systems viable. Key findings show strong consumer engagement, high return rates, and operational adaptability, especially in sectors like takeaway, retail, and e-commerce. The report underlines the importance of policy support, financial incentives, and collaborative infrastructure to overcome barriers, such as the dominance of single-use packaging and logistical challenges. The barometer ultimately aims to provide stakeholders with critical insights and support the European transition to reusable packaging through annual tracking and assessment.
This is the first edition of the economic barometer for the bulk and reusable packaging industry in France. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state, challenges, and opportunities for growth in this emerging sector. The study aims to set a foundation for an annual review, focusing on key players, industrial capacity, and job creation potential in France, with projections through 2030. This barometer also examines industry needs and regulatory goals, and promotes a strategic framework for stakeholders—including companies, investors, and policymakers—to drive sustainable economic growth within a circular economy model.
The report “Facilitating the Adoption of Takeaway Reuse Systems” by Eunomia, commissioned by Zero Waste Europe, examines the costs and policy measures needed to transition from single-use to reusable takeaway packaging. It finds that reusable systems, though initially more costly for vendors, offer significant environmental benefits by reducing litter and carbon emissions. The report recommends fiscal measures like taxes or levies on single-use packaging to level the playing field and fund reuse systems. It also suggests setting mandatory targets for reuse rates and implementing supportive policies to ensure high return and rotation rates, ultimately aiming for widespread adoption and significant environmental impact.
This study explores strategies to scale returnable packaging systems to reduce plastic waste, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and conserve water. It advocates for high levels of collaboration across industries to create efficient, cost-effective reuse models. The analysis includes environmental and economic modelling across product categories like beverages and personal care, highlighting the need for policy support and industry-wide infrastructure to make reusable packaging a viable mainstream solution.
This study by Zero Waste Europe and Searious Business dives into the financial benefits of reuse systems. In fact, it explains how adopting circular economy principles could not only benefit Europe environmentally and socially but could also generate a net economic benefit of €1.8 trillion by 2030. The study identifies three parameters to decide on the performance of a financially healthy reuse system: rotation cycles before end of life, return rate and retention time. Moreover, these parameters are applied to 3 packaging categories in an open loop system: food containers for takeaway food, secondary transport packaging and beverage bottles.
The report outlines a vision to achieve “30 by 30” — with 30% of consumable goods in the U.S. and Canada sold in reusable formats by 2030. It examines the significant environmental impact of single-use packaging and presents reuse systems as a viable alternative, especially for the food service, beverage, and consumer packaged goods sectors. The report advocates for transforming packaging from a product to a service, requiring new infrastructure, industry collaboration, and policy support. The aim is to establish scalable, local reuse systems that reduce waste and operational costs while addressing Scope 3 climate emissions, making reuse a sustainable, economically viable option for businesses.
This article explores the renewed interest in reusable packaging due to increasing sustainability pressures from regulators and consumers. It discusses the barriers preventing widespread adoption, such as lack of infrastructure, cost, and regulatory challenges, and suggests that reusable packaging could either remain niche or become mainstream. The article identifies four key enablers — consumer demand, supportive regulations, product adaptation, and store readiness — that could help scale reusable packaging solutions significantly over the next decade.
The report sought to explore and understand consumer preferences, perceptions, and attitudes towards packaging. It reveals a strong preference for sustainable options. The study highlights that most consumers prefer paper and cardboard packaging due to its recyclability and environmental friendliness. It also shows growing concerns over plastic packaging and a demand for businesses to adopt eco-friendly practices. The report emphasises the importance of transparency, innovation, and sustainability in packaging choices to meet consumer expectations and drive the shift toward a circular economy.
This paper discusses the potential of reusable packaging systems in Europe, highlighting the environmental, economic, and social benefits they offer compared to single-use packaging. It outlines the challenges faced by reuse businesses, such as high initial costs and the need for scale, and proposes policy support, standardised definitions, and incentives to encourage adoption. The paper suggests specific reuse targets for various packaging types by 2030 and emphasises the need for government action, funding, and regulatory frameworks to support the transition to a circular economy and reduce reliance on single-use packaging.
This document provides a cost comparison model for reusable transport packaging systems, helping businesses assess the financial benefits of switching from single-use to reusable packaging. It outlines potential savings in areas like reduced material costs, lower product damage, and fewer disposal fees. The document explains how the higher initial investment in durable, reusable packaging can be offset by long-term savings through repeated use. It includes steps for calculating costs and case studies that demonstrate successful transitions to reusable packaging, ultimately promoting sustainability and cost efficiency.
The study analyses the breakage rates of reusable transport packaging, focusing on plastic crates used in pooling systems. It examines factors influencing breakage, such as handling, material quality, and logistics processes. The findings reveal that breakage rates are lower than often assumed, supporting the economic and environmental benefits of reuse. The study provides data-driven insights to improve the efficiency and durability of reusable packaging systems. It aims to inform businesses and policymakers on optimising reuse infrastructure and reducing unnecessary packaging waste.
This report by Eunomia, commissioned by Zero Waste Europe and endorsed by New ERA, examines the costs and policy measures needed to transition from single-use to reusable takeaway packaging. It finds that reusable systems, though initially more costly for vendors, offer significant environmental benefits by reducing litter and carbon emissions. The report recommends fiscal measures like taxes or levies on single-use packaging to level the playing field and fund reuse systems. It also suggests setting mandatory targets for reuse rates and implementing supportive policies to ensure high return and rotation rates, ultimately aiming for widespread adoption and significant environmental impact.
This report is an Addendum to the main report, titled ‘Assessing Climate Impact: Reusable Systems vs. Single-use Takeaway Packaging’ (hereafter referred to as the ‘main report’). The main report demonstrated the potential greenhouse gas (GHG) savings from implementing a reuse system for takeaway items compared to single-use alternatives. The aim of this Addendum is to build on the main report and apply the ‘per serving’ climate impact within the context of reuse schemes in two European cities: Aarhus (Denmark) and Berlin (Germany).
In an effort to facilitate a shift towards greater sustainability in the Nordics, this study provides an in-depth analysis of the environmental impacts associated with different types of packaging. Emphasis is placed on reusable packaging, investigating its lifecycle impacts from production to disposal and contrasting it with conventional, single-use packaging. The packaging solutions under investigation cover takeaway containers and e-commerce packaging. In the takeaway sector, these are one reusable and one single-use. In the e-commerce sector, these are one reusable and returnable packaging, as well as two single-use variants made from LDPE film and paper, respectively.
This document discusses the environmental impact of single-use glass packaging, which has a higher carbon footprint compared to alternatives like plastic and metal. It argues for prioritising reusable glass to reduce carbon emissions and lessen environmental harm. The report critiques the European Commission’s Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR) for exempting single-use glass from several circular economy requirements, such as deposit return systems, thereby giving it an undue advantage. Recommendations include setting stringent reuse and recycling targets specifically for glass, equalising deposit-return system rules across all materials, and implementing high recycled content standards to encourage glass circularity. The EU is urged to lead the shift towards reusable glass in packaging policies, supporting a more sustainable, low-carbon future.
This report examines the challenges in Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) of reusable versus single-use packaging for takeaway, comparing two industry-commissioned studies with academic analysis. It highlights issues like low return rates, assumptions around washing and transport, and the impact of transparency on credibility. Key findings stress that suboptimal designs in reuse LCAs can skew results, underscoring the need for future-focused systems. The report advocates for realistic assumptions and robust data in evaluating reuse policy, aiming for improved sustainability insights for the fast-food packaging sector.
This study involved modelling to measure the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from reusable takeaway packaging compared to single-use equivalents. The results indicate that, for most types of takeaway packaging used in Europe, reuse through a safe, efficient system for collection, washing, inspection, and redistribution has potential to yield greater environmental benefits than recycling or discarding single-use containers. The study also highlights key aspects to optimise in designing and operating reuse systems.
The study, commissioned by the European Federation of Corrugated Board Manufacturers (FEFCO), examines recycling and reuse in packaging within the European circular economy framework. It underscores the importance of packaging design that is “fit for purpose,” optimising both sustainability and functionality. Findings show that, while paper and cardboard packaging achieve high recycling rates (82.3% in 2019, exceeding the EU’s 2025 target), plastic packaging lags behind. The study acknowledges packaging’s role in reducing food waste and suggests that policies should consider both recyclable single-use and reusable options to balance environmental impact and practical demands. The report offers recommendations for future policies to support sustainable and efficient packaging solutions in line with the European Green Deal.
The report compares two packaging systems: reusable plastic crates and single-use cardboard boxes. Commissioned by the Stiftung-Initiative-Mehrweg (SIM), it responds to studies by the European Federation of Corrugated Board Manufacturers (FEFCO) that claim corrugated cardboard packaging is superior. The report challenges this view, arguing that high reutilisation rates, which favour reusable systems, are critical for a circular economy. It highlights the environmental benefits of reusable packaging, particularly its role in reducing dependence on imports and promoting technological sovereignty. The report also calls for maintaining the waste hierarchy and using life cycle analyses to justify deviations from it.
This paper examines the potential for reusable container systems to reduce waste in restaurant takeout, addressing environmental and economic impacts compared to single-use packaging. Using a parametric life cycle assessment (LCA) and cost model, it analyses greenhouse gas emissions, energy, water use, and costs in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and assesses the role of customer behaviour. Findings show that reusable containers generally perform better environmentally, but their benefits diminish if customers make separate trips to return containers or excessively wash them at home. The study highlights how customer actions significantly influence the environmental outcomes of reusable systems.
The “Reuse Wins” report by Upstream Solutions highlights the environmental, economic, and social benefits of reusable packaging systems compared to single-use packaging. It presents data and case studies demonstrating how reuse can reduce waste, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and decrease pollution while promoting sustainable economic growth. The report argues that shifting to reusable systems in sectors like food service, retail, and shipping can save businesses money, create jobs, and protect natural resources. It calls for policy changes and business practices that support the transition to a circular economy where reuse is prioritised over disposability.
Many consumers are moving from single-use plastics to reusable alternatives, often assuming these have lower environmental impacts; however, reusable items frequently involve more resource-intensive materials and have notable use-phase impacts. This study used LCA to examine the GWP, water consumption, and primary nonrenewable energy use of reusable alternatives for single-use plastic kitchenware, calculating environmental payback periods. Findings indicate that reusable options can offset their initial environmental impacts, depending on usage frequency, consumer habits, and—specifically for GWP—the carbon intensity of the energy grid. A key takeaway is that consumer behaviour and usage patterns significantly influence the environmental impact of reusable kitchenware.
This study assesses the environmental impact of reusing glass bottles for mineral water in Italy, contributing to sustainable resource management. Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), the study examines the effects of increasing reuse cycles, or “rotations,” on environmental outcomes. Part of a larger project on packaging reuse in Italy, it compares the environmental performance of reusable versus single-use glass bottles, incorporating bottle production, washing, end-of-life, and logistics in the analysis. Data was gathered through detailed inventory questionnaires from Italian mineral water companies using reusable glass bottles, complemented by field visits to two reconditioning plants, to identify the specific impact of reconditioning in the bottle lifecycle.
Packaging plays an important role in safely distributing products throughout today’s society and supply chains. With a consumption of about 40% of plastics and 50% of paper in Europe, the packaging sector is a large user of materials. Packaging has a lot of environmental impacts, while it also represents a significant cost in the current supply system. Reusable packaging has been suggested as an option to significantly reduce environmental impacts. In this paper, we review the trends in reusable packaging and the literature on reusable packaging to generate insights into the current state-of-the-art knowledge and identify directions for research and development. This can help to better understand the key factors underlying the design and impacts of more sustainable packaging systems.
With the understanding that packaging alone represents 36% of municipal solid waste in Europe, this report focuses on how and when the reuse of packaging is a better alternative than single-use. This is done by analysing the results of life cycle assessments that compare the environmental impacts of single-use to reusable packaging alternatives. The results demonstrate that the great majority of studies point to reusable packaging as the most environmentally friendly option. The report identifies the packaging types assessed by the various studies and what key aspects, such as the number of cycles or distances and break-even points, favour the environmental success of reusable packaging. It also discusses, in more detail, how specific packaging formats, such as bottles and crates, differ in impacts.
The paper examines the environmental impact of parcel delivery in the context of online shopping for household and hygiene products. Using real-world data from a major retailer in the Czech Republic, it evaluates the life cycle environmental effects of two types of parcel packaging. The study found that using plastic cushions to protect goods is more environmentally friendly than using paper. However, the main source of environmental burden is electricity consumption in logistics centres, highlighting the need for energy efficiency and better space utilisation. The research also explored the potential benefits of using reusable plastic crates instead of cardboard boxes, showing that this could reduce environmental impact. The paper underscores the significance of logistics and product distribution in the growing field of online retail, particularly for household goods.
The paper examines the environmental impact of parcel delivery in the context of online shopping for household and hygiene products. Using real-world data from a major retailer in the Czech Republic, it evaluates the life cycle environmental effects of two types of parcel packaging. The study found that using plastic cushions to protect goods is more environmentally friendly than using paper. However, the main source of environmental burden is electricity consumption in logistics centres, highlighting the need for energy efficiency and better space utilisation. The research also explored the potential benefits of using reusable plastic crates instead of cardboard boxes, showing that this could reduce environmental impact. The paper underscores the significance of logistics and product distribution in the growing field of online retail, particularly for household goods.
This study investigates the economic, environmental, and social impacts of implementing a Deposit Return System (DRS) for beverage containers in Spain. The DRS model involves consumers paying a small deposit on beverage containers, which is refunded when the container is returned for recycling. The study assesses how a DRS could reduce littering, increase recycling rates, and lower greenhouse gas emissions. It also examines the potential economic benefits, including job creation and reduced waste management costs for municipalities. Additionally, the study highlights the positive effects on public awareness and engagement with recycling practices. The findings suggest that a well-implemented DRS could significantly contribute to Spain’s circular economy and sustainability goals.
The paper examines the environmental impact of parcel delivery in the context of online shopping for household and hygiene products. Using real-world data from a major retailer in the Czech Republic, it evaluates the life cycle environmental effects of two types of parcel packaging. The study found that using plastic cushions to protect goods is more environmentally friendly than using paper. However, the main source of environmental burden is electricity consumption in logistics centres, highlighting the need for energy efficiency and better space utilisation. The research also explored the potential benefits of using reusable plastic crates instead of cardboard boxes, showing that this could reduce environmental impact. The paper underscores the significance of logistics and product distribution in the growing field of online retail, particularly for household goods.
This paper reviews the function and durability of plastic food packaging materials to evaluate their suitability for reusable applications, addressing a gap in research on how reuse impacts material properties. While plastics have long been a go-to for food packaging due to their durability and cost-effectiveness, most are designed for single use, contributing significantly to waste. The paper examines global policy efforts to reduce plastic waste and highlights the potential of reusable packaging schemes, focusing on the need for materials that can withstand repeated washing and use.
The report provides guidelines for implementing effective washing systems for reusable packaging. It covers best practices for cleaning, drying, and maintaining packaging materials to ensure hygiene, efficiency, and environmental sustainability. The document aims to help stakeholders in the reuse sector navigate regulatory requirements, adopt appropriate technologies, and optimise operations. It also highlights the importance of standardisation and quality control in establishing successful reuse systems.
The report provides guidance on the use of pool dishware in the foodservice industry, focusing on environmental benefits, hygiene standards, and logistical considerations. It highlights the advantages of shared reusable dishware systems over single-use options in terms of sustainability and cost-effectiveness. The document also addresses best practices for managing and cleaning reusable dishware to meet regulatory hygiene requirements while promoting the adoption of eco-friendly practices across the sector.
The “European Consumers on Reusable and Recyclable Packaging” report reveals consumer preferences and perceptions around packaging sustainability. Surveying over 7,000 people across Europe, the study found that while most consumers support reusable packaging for its environmental benefits, many confuse it with recyclable options, often preferring the latter for convenience and hygiene reasons. Recyclable carton packaging emerged as a favourite due to its ease of recycling, especially for products like milk, juice, and fresh produce. Despite concerns about reusable packaging, 71% of respondents want retailers to offer reusable options, highlighting a desire for brands to support sustainable practices through refill stations and returnable packaging initiatives.
The introduction of reusable packaging systems (both refill and return) has the potential to significantly reduce waste from single-use plastic packaging. However, for these schemes to be successful, both the environmental impact and the willingness of consumers to engage with such systems need to be carefully considered. This paper combines and discusses two complementary studies: (i) a life cycle assessment comparing the environmental impacts of single-use, refillable, and returnable containers for a takeaway meal, and (ii) a large online survey of UK adults exploring what types of product and packaging consumers are willing to reuse, how, and why.
The report sought to explore and understand consumer preferences, perceptions, and attitudes towards packaging. It reveals a strong preference for sustainable options. The study highlights that most consumers prefer paper and cardboard packaging due to its recyclability and environmental friendliness. It also shows growing concerns over plastic packaging and a demand for businesses to adopt eco-friendly practices. The report emphasises the importance of transparency, innovation, and sustainability in packaging choices to meet consumer expectations and drive the shift toward a circular economy.
The WWF report, examines the environmental impact of plastic packaging in France, highlighting that only 26% of plastic packaging is recycled, while the rest ends up in landfills or the environment. It emphasises the need for urgent action, such as reducing single-use plastics, improving packaging design for recyclability, and promoting reuse. It discusses the growth of plastic pollution, its effects on ecosystems and human health, and the economic costs of waste management. The report suggests that achieving a circular economy will require regulatory changes, corporate responsibility, and consumer awareness to drastically cut plastic use and waste.
This study aligns with the EU’s goals for a circular economy by examining the environmental impacts of single-use and multiple-use packaging in sectors like hotels, restaurants, and catering, including products such as beverage containers and trays. Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) models, it compares environmental outcomes across six case studies in four scenarios. The findings show that environmental impacts vary by packaging type and reuse frequency, with single-use packaging having lower climate impacts in some cases, while reusable options often excel in water use and broader ecological impact categories.
In an effort to facilitate a shift towards greater sustainability in the Nordics, this study provides an in-depth analysis of the environmental impacts associated with different types of packaging. Emphasis is placed on reusable packaging, investigating its lifecycle impacts from production to disposal and contrasting it with conventional, single-use packaging. The packaging solutions under investigation cover takeaway containers and ecommerce packaging. In the takeaway sector, these are one reusable and one single-use. In the e-commerce sector, these are one reusable and returnable packaging, as well as two single-use variants made from LDPE film and paper, respectively.
This report is an Addendum to the main report, titled ‘Assessing Climate Impact: Reusable Systems vs. Single-use Takeaway Packaging’ (hereafter referred to as the ‘main report’). The main report demonstrated the potential greenhouse gas (GHG) savings from implementing a reuse system for takeaway items compared to single-use alternatives. The aim of this Addendum is to build on the main report and apply the ‘per serving’ climate impact within the context of reuse schemes in two European cities: Aarhus (Denmark) and Berlin (Germany).
The report evaluates the environmental impact of Sykell’s EINFACH MEHRWEG reusable packaging system, now in use across 6,000 points in Germany, through a life cycle assessment (LCA). The LCA, compliant with ISO standards and the EU’s Environmental Footprint recommendations, examines seven types of reusable containers and cups compared to single-use alternatives. It identifies environmental “hotspots” and aims to support Sykell in minimising their footprint and communicating sustainability benefits effectively. The study was conducted by an LCA expert and reviewed by an independent panel.
This report, carried out by Giraffe Innovation Ltd, presents the results of an environmental assessment of CLUBZERO 12oz cup and CLUBZERO 800ml container using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. The analysis shows the output modelling of the environmental impacts of the cup and lid materials and the food container and lid materials, manufacturing, supply chain, washing energy and detergent use and end of life disposal. The results are compared to indicative paper, polystyrene (EPS) and ceramic cups for the cup report and compared to disposable polypropylene, aluminium, bagasse and EPS containers and reuse of ceramic plates for the food container report.
This study involved modelling to measure the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from reusable takeaway packaging compared to single-use equivalents. The results indicate that, for most types of takeaway packaging used in Europe, reuse through a safe, efficient system for collection, washing, inspection, and redistribution has potential to yield greater environmental benefits than recycling or discarding single-use containers. The study also highlights key aspects to optimise in designing and operating reuse systems.
This report examines the challenges in Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) of reusable versus single-use packaging for takeaway, comparing two industry-commissioned studies with academic analysis. It highlights issues like low return rates, assumptions around washing and transport, and the impact of transparency on credibility. Key findings stress that suboptimal designs in reuse LCAs can skew results, underscoring the need for future-focused systems. The report advocates for realistic assumptions and robust data in evaluating reuse policy, aiming for improved sustainability insights for the fast-food packaging sector.
This Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) report by Corplex examines the environmental impact of its reusable AkyPak® Flower Box, made of polypropylene, compared to single-use cardboard boxes. The study assesses carbon emissions and other ecological indicators and reveals that the AkyPak® box reaches a lower carbon footprint than the cardboard box after six uses. With a life expectancy of over 40 cycles, the box is shown to be durable and effective in reducing environmental impact. Corplex employs a cradle-to-cradle design, enabling the box’s material to be recycled and repurposed without degradation, aligning with circular economy principles and supporting zero-waste goals.
This document is the background report of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) and Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) study for Le Fourgon returnable glass bottle system. The scope of the product under study covers the production, use, and end-of-life of returnable glass bottles returned and reused with the deposit system from Le Fourgon, for water, milk, and beer.
This paper examines the potential for reusable container systems to reduce waste in restaurant takeout, addressing environmental and economic impacts compared to single-use packaging. Using a parametric life cycle assessment (LCA) and cost model, it analyses greenhouse gas emissions, energy, water use, and costs in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and assesses the role of customer behaviour. Findings show that reusable containers generally perform better environmentally, but their benefits diminish if customers make separate trips to return containers or excessively wash them at home. The study highlights how customer actions significantly influence the environmental outcomes of reusable systems.
The report analyses the environmental impact of single-use plastic food packaging compared to alternative packaging solutions. The report highlights the widespread use of plastic in supermarkets, noting that plastic dominates all packaging materials, especially in North America. Single-use plastics contribute significantly to plastic pollution, with food packaging playing a major role. The report draws from 33 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies, focusing on three key food categories: refrigerated products, fresh produce, and pantry goods. It identifies four main themes: the relationship between packaging and food waste, the potential of bio-based and biodegradable plastics, the viability of reusable packaging systems, and the limited consideration of plastic litter’s effects on ecosystems and human health. These findings provide recommendations for policymakers to consider alternatives to single-use plastic packaging in supermarkets.
The hot-spot analysis is intended as an environmental meta-study and focuses on alternative options for e-commerce with the aim of identifying possible strategies for improvement/areas for innovation to reduce packaging impacts. This report investigates single-use (SU) and multiple-use (MU) packaging solutions. These two solutions could be made of different materials (e.g., corrugated board, plastic bags, rigid plastic crates, paper bags, flexible packaging). The main focus of this analysis is the e-commerce supply chain, such as information related to online shops (and platforms), automatisation of processes, digital purchasing, shipping of products, as well as other relevant aspects, such as product damage, packaging void, empty load transport, logistics, return transport or weight of the packaging.
The fact sheet from IFEU focuses on the environmental benefits of using reusable glass jars for food packaging. It compares the life cycle impacts of reusable glass containers with single-use packaging, particularly in terms of resource consumption, energy use, and carbon emissions. The document highlights that reusable glass jars have a lower environmental impact after several reuse cycles, reducing waste and conserving resources. It advocates for expanding the use of reusable glass containers to minimise environmental harm in the food industry.
This LCA report evaluates the environmental impact of Corplex’s reusable plastic flower transport box compared to a single-use carton box, aiming to identify the “breakeven” reuse point where the plastic box’s impact becomes lower. Based on theoretical data, four scenarios were modelled, assessing the effects of transport and tertiary packaging. The results suggest that reuse impact is heavily influenced by system variables, including pool size, replenishment rate, and box losses. The study includes a tool to calculate breakeven points, underscoring the need for optimising these factors for effective environmental benefits.
As the leading European provider of polypropylene (PP) layer pads used as divider sheets in the food, beverage, pharma, and cosmetic industries, the Cartonplast Group offers its customers reusable layer pads on a rental basis under strict hygiene standards. In 2014, the company conducted a comparative environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of reusable layer pads made from polypropylene (PP) versus corrugated cardboard (CB). This report discusses the results based on updated data from 2020.
The document analyses the environmental impact of reCIRCLE, a Swiss company offering reusable packaging systems for takeaway food. It compares the life cycle environmental performance of reCIRCLE’s reusable containers to single-use packaging alternatives commonly used in Switzerland. The study evaluates various factors, such as material production, usage frequency, washing, and recycling, to assess the overall carbon footprint and waste generation. The findings suggest that reCIRCLE’s reusable containers significantly reduce waste and greenhouse gas emissions compared to disposable options, especially when reused multiple times. The report highlights the potential environmental benefits of adopting reusable packaging systems and supports policies promoting their wider use to mitigate the negative impacts of single-use packaging.
Many consumers are moving from single-use plastics to reusable alternatives, often assuming these have lower environmental impacts; however, reusable items frequently involve more resource-intensive materials and have notable use-phase impacts. This study used LCA to examine the GWP, water consumption, and primary nonrenewable energy use of reusable alternatives for single-use plastic kitchenware, calculating environmental payback periods. Findings indicate that reusable options can offset their initial environmental impacts, depending on usage frequency, consumer habits, and—specifically for GWP—the carbon intensity of the energy grid. A key takeaway is that consumer behaviour and usage patterns significantly influence the environmental impact of reusable kitchenware.
This paper focuses on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with packaging used in online food delivery services (OFDS). It quantifies the environmental impact of food packaging production and disposal in Australia, using a life cycle assessment approach. The study finds that packaging-related emissions for a single order range between 0.15 and 0.29 kg CO2e, with raw material production contributing over half of the emissions. It predicts a 132% rise in OFDS-related packaging emissions by 2024 and provides insights into reducing these impacts through better waste management strategies.
PostNord has studied the European e-commerce market in the E-commerce in Europe report since 2014. The report is based on interviews with a total of about 12,000 consumers in Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden and the UK. The report takes into account the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the European e-commerce market while generally analysing e-commerce trends in Europe and the world in 2020.
This document focuses on the environmental impact of single-use packaging in the takeaway food industry and explores sustainable alternatives. It emphasises that reusable packaging is a more environmentally friendly option compared to disposables, especially when used multiple times. The report covers the legal frameworks, ecological and social issues related to disposable packaging, and evaluates the sustainability of reusable systems. It also suggests strategies for increasing the adoption of reusable containers by both businesses and consumers.
The “Reuse Wins” report by Upstream Solutions highlights the environmental, economic, and social benefits of reusable packaging systems compared to single-use packaging. It presents data and case studies demonstrating how reuse can reduce waste, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and decrease pollution while promoting sustainable economic growth. The report argues that shifting to reusable systems in sectors like food service, retail, and shipping can save businesses money, create jobs, and protect natural resources. It calls for policy changes and business practices that support the transition to a circular economy where reuse is prioritised over disposability.
The aim of the LCA study is to perform a benchmarking of RE-ZIP packaging against standard single use packaging in Denmark. With this regard, this study is a comparative case study. RE-ZIP is a Danish SME that works on RE-ZIP’s circular packaging can be used up to 30 times. One of the aims of this study is to show the savings on GHG, water footprint and use of wood. Overall, the results of this LCA are intended to communicate Re-Zip’s sustainability performance with its customers.
This study assesses the climate impact of food delivery packaging waste in China, focusing on single-use plastics. It evaluates the current system, highlighting the environmental damage caused by the growing use of plastic in food delivery services. The study also explores potential improvements through increased recycling, higher recycled content, and the introduction of reusable packaging. Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, it examines the effectiveness of these strategies in reducing the climate change impact of food packaging waste in China.
The introduction of reusable packaging systems (both refill and return) has the potential to significantly reduce waste from single-use plastic packaging. However, for these schemes to be successful, both the environmental impact and the willingness of consumers to engage with such systems need to be carefully considered. This paper combines and discusses two complementary studies: (i) a life cycle assessment comparing the environmental impacts of single-use, refillable, and returnable containers for a takeaway meal, and (ii) a large online survey of UK adults exploring what types of product and packaging consumers are willing to reuse, how, and why.
This study assesses the environmental impact of reusing glass bottles for mineral water in Italy, contributing to sustainable resource management. Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), the study examines the effects of increasing reuse cycles, or “rotations,” on environmental outcomes. Part of a larger project on packaging reuse in Italy, it compares the environmental performance of reusable versus single-use glass bottles, incorporating bottle production, washing, end-of-life, and logistics in the analysis. Data was gathered through detailed inventory questionnaires from Italian mineral water companies using reusable glass bottles, complemented by field visits to two reconditioning plants, to identify the specific impact of reconditioning in the bottle lifecycle.
The paper examines the environmental impact of parcel delivery in the context of online shopping for household and hygiene products. Using real-world data from a major retailer in the Czech Republic, it evaluates the life cycle environmental effects of two types of parcel packaging. The study found that using plastic cushions to protect goods is more environmentally friendly than using paper. However, the main source of environmental burden is electricity consumption in logistics centres, highlighting the need for energy efficiency and better space utilisation. The research also explored the potential benefits of using reusable plastic crates instead of cardboard boxes, showing that this could reduce environmental impact. The paper underscores the significance of logistics and product distribution in the growing field of online retail, particularly for household goods.
This paper evaluates the environmental impact of distributing fruit and vegetables in Spain using reusable plastic crates versus single-use cardboard boxes. The study considers five impact categories, including global warming potential and energy consumption, and provides a detailed methodology to guide future assessments. Results show that reusable plastic crates consistently perform better than cardboard boxes across all impact categories and energy consumption indicators. Even in alternative scenarios, plastic crates are environmentally preferable. The analysis suggests that banning plastic packaging may not always be the best option, as it can be more sustainable in specific applications.
This paper evaluates the environmental impact of reusable plastic crates (RPCs) used in Italy for distributing fruit and vegetables. By conducting a life cycle assessment across 12 impact categories, including energy and water consumption, the study finds that the environmental benefits of RPC increase with their number of uses. It finds that initially, the impact is highest during the manufacturing stage, but with more deliveries, the reconditioning process becomes a significant factor. RPCs need to be used at least three times to outperform single-use crates in terms of environmental impact. The study’s approach can also be applied to other reusable packaging systems across Europe.
The document examines the environmental impact of single-use beverage cups, particularly those used for hot drinks in out-of-home consumption. In Germany, around 2.8 billion disposable cups are used annually, generating significant waste. The report highlights the challenges of waste management and littering, and evaluates voluntary and legal measures to reduce the use of disposable cups. Recommendations include promoting reusable cup systems, introducing deposit schemes, and implementing regulatory measures such as levies and better waste management strategies to reduce environmental harm.
The paper assesses greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from wine production in Germany, analysing data from five wineries, one wine cellar, and nine grape producers. The study finds that emissions range from 0.753 to 1.069 kg CO2e per bottle of wine, with the main contributors being bottle weight (31%), electricity usage (18%), and heat (11%). Most emissions occur during the winery phase, primarily due to packaging materials (57%). The paper identifies that reusing glass bottles offers the greatest potential for reducing emissions, surpassing the impact of reducing bottle weight. Combining bottle reuse with renewable energy and bottle weight reduction could cut GHG emissions per bottle by 47%.
The paper evaluates how food life cycle assessments (LCAs) address both direct and indirect environmental impacts of packaging. It finds that while there’s increasing awareness of indirect impacts (like effects on food waste and logistics), food LCAs predominantly focus on direct impacts, such as material production and disposal. The study, which reviewed 32 recent food LCAs, suggests a need for more comprehensive consideration of indirect impacts and calls for further research to better understand how packaging characteristics affect environmental outcomes.
The report assesses the environmental impact of KeepCup’s reusable cups compared to single-use cups (paperboard, compostable) and other reusable options (bamboo, polypropylene). Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), the study evaluates factors like carbon emissions, water use, and energy consumption. It finds that KeepCups generally have a lower environmental impact over time, particularly when used frequently. Recommendations include promoting energy-efficient washing practices, using alternative materials, and improving recycling options. The goal is to support sustainable alternatives to disposable cups.
The paper examines the environmental impacts of different types of takeaway food containers – aluminium, polypropylene, and extruded polystyrene – by conducting a life cycle assessment to identify the most sustainable options. The study finds that single-use polypropylene containers have the highest impact on the environment, including global warming potential, while aluminium containers are second worst, particularly concerning ozone depletion and human toxicity. Extruded polystyrene containers have the lowest environmental impact due to lower material and energy requirements but are currently not recycled. The paper suggests that recycling policies in line with the European Union’s 2025 waste packaging goals could significantly reduce these impacts, cutting CO2 emissions equivalent to those of 55,000 vehicles annually. The findings are relevant for packaging manufacturers, food outlets, policymakers, and consumers.
The paper assesses the environmental benefits of using self-dispensing systems for liquid detergents in Italian retail stores, where consumers refill containers instead of using single-use plastic bottles. A life cycle assessment (LCA) compared these systems to traditional packaging for various detergents, focusing on waste reduction, energy demand, and environmental impacts. Results show that self-dispensing systems can reduce waste by up to 98% and decrease energy use and environmental impacts, with greater benefits seen as containers are reused more frequently.
This paper addresses the sustainability of packaging in the fresh food supply chain by introducing a framework for designing integrated food packaging and distribution networks. Focusing on fresh produce, it compares traditional single-use packaging with reusable plastic containers (RPC) to assess economic and environmental impacts. Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), it evaluates the carbon footprint of packaging across the supply chain, with sensitivity analyses on factors like RPC lifespan, washing rate, waste treatment, and network geography. The findings offer insights into reducing environmental impact and suggest directions for future research.
This study compares the environmental, economic, and social impacts of three common European fruit and vegetable transport packaging systems: single-use wooden and cardboard boxes, and multi-use reusable plastic crates. Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Life Cycle Costing (LCC), and Life Cycle Working Environment (LCWE) methodologies, the paper finds that plastic crates generally have lower impacts in several categories compared to cardboard boxes, though wooden boxes and plastic crates perform similarly in others. Plastic crates are the most cost-effective overall and show a lower accident rate compared to wooden and cardboard boxes. The study highlights optimisation opportunities for all systems and stresses the importance of integrating economic and social dimensions into sustainability assessments.
This study investigates the economic, environmental, and social impacts of implementing a Deposit Return System (DRS) for beverage containers in Spain. The DRS model involves consumers paying a small deposit on beverage containers, which is refunded when the container is returned for recycling. The study assesses how a DRS could reduce littering, increase recycling rates, and lower greenhouse gas emissions. It also examines the potential economic benefits, including job creation and reduced waste management costs for municipalities. Additionally, the study highlights the positive effects on public awareness and engagement with recycling practices. The findings suggest that a well-implemented DRS could significantly contribute to Spain’s circular economy and sustainability goals.
This document from Brasserie Meteor focuses on their sustainable development strategy, highlighting the brewery’s efforts to reduce its environmental impact while maintaining quality in beer production. It outlines key initiatives the brewery has undertaken, such as reducing water and energy consumption, minimising waste, and using eco-friendly packaging materials. The report also discusses the brewery’s commitment to sourcing ingredients locally, supporting biodiversity, and enhancing social responsibility by fostering a positive work environment and engaging with the local community. Overall, it showcases Brasserie Meteor’s dedication to sustainability through concrete actions that align with environmental, social, and economic objectives.
The report evaluates the environmental impacts of various cup systems used at events, such as concerts or festivals. The study compares disposable cups made of different materials (plastic, paper, etc.) with reusable cups in terms of their life cycle impacts, including resource use, energy consumption, waste generation, and greenhouse gas emissions. The assessment considers various factors, such as the number of uses, transportation, cleaning processes, and end-of-life disposal or recycling options. The report aims to identify which cup systems are the most environmentally friendly, under which conditions they perform best, and offers recommendations for organisers on selecting the most sustainable options for beverage service at events, concluding that reusable cups generally have lower environmental impacts than single-use options.
This document presents the TEXOSPACK project, which promotes sustainable packaging in the advanced textile materials sector. CAPSA PACKAGING contributed to the project with its CAPSA 2IN1® cardboard box, a sustainable packaging solution designed for the textile industry but applicable to other sectors as well. The document outlines key findings from an environmental analysis of the CAPSA 2IN1® box, highlighting its advantages over conventional cardboard packaging.
The report explores the potential for increasing reusable packaging systems in Europe. It discusses the economic, environmental, and social benefits of reuse, highlights current challenges such as costs and infrastructure, and identifies key enablers like regulation and consumer behaviour to scale up reuse. The report provides recommendations for businesses, policymakers, and stakeholders to support a shift towards more sustainable packaging solutions. Its aim is to shed light on this topical issue of packaging reuse in all its aspects, both at the B2B and B2C levels.
The document is a comprehensive European benchmark study on deposit return systems (DRS) for the reuse and recycling of packaging, conducted by ADEME and EY in June 2023. It analyses ten case studies from various countries, including Germany, Croatia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, the Netherlands, Southern European countries, Quebec, and Sweden. The study examines the implementation, performance, and challenges of these systems, focusing on materials like plastic, metal, and glass. It also explores governance structures, financial mechanisms, and the environmental impacts of DRS, providing insights and recommendations for improving packaging reuse and recycling across Europe.
Reusable packaging is essential for reducing packaging waste and can significantly contribute to environmental protection and resource conservation compared to single-use packaging. Data from Germany show that more efforts are needed to strengthen reuse systems and combat excessive packaging consumption. This research project examines how to promote and optimise existing reusable packaging systems and explores the potential for new systems along the supply chain and in retail. This report covers findings on current applications of reusable packaging and potential measures for strengthening and expanding its use in the beverage sector.
The report investigates how to promote and optimise reusable packaging systems in Germany, with a focus on reducing packaging waste and improving environmental sustainability. It reviews the current use of reusable packaging, identifies challenges to its wider adoption, and explores strategies for enhancing its effectiveness, particularly in the beverage sector. The research offers recommendations for improving existing systems and unlocking the potential for new reusable packaging solutions across the supply chain and retail industries.
This report by ADEME assesses methodologies for measuring packaging reuse rates in France, targeting compliance with national reuse goals under AGEC and Climate Resilience Acts. It involved interviews with stakeholders to establish data requirements, identify reusable packaging types, and develop calculation methods for producers responsible for packaging or importing. The report covers reuse arrangements, from pre-packaged products to refills, and includes recommendations for systematic data collection and monitoring. An accompanying document provides guidelines for implementing reuse data collection processes.
Packaging plays an important role in safely distributing products throughout today’s society and supply chains. With a consumption of about 40% of plastics and 50% of paper in Europe, the packaging sector is a large user of materials. Packaging has a lot of environmental impacts, while it also represents a significant cost in the current supply system. Reusable packaging has been suggested as an option to significantly reduce environmental impacts. In this paper, we review the trends in reusable packaging and the literature on reusable packaging to generate insights into the current state-of-the-art knowledge and identify directions for research and development. This can help to better understand the key factors underlying the design and impacts of more sustainable packaging systems.
This report, carried out by Giraffe Innovation Ltd, presents the results of an environmental assessment of CLUBZERØ 12oz cup and CLUBZERØ 800ml container using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. The analysis shows the output modelling of the environmental impacts of the cup and lid materials and the food container and lid materials, manufacturing, supply chain, washing energy and detergent use and end of life disposal. The results are compared to indicative paper, polystyrene (EPS) and ceramic cups for the cup report and compared to disposable polypropylene, aluminium, bagasse and EPS containers and reuse of ceramic plates for the food container report.
In an effort to facilitate a shift towards greater sustainability in the Nordics, this study provides an in-depth analysis of the environmental impacts associated with different types of packaging. Emphasis is placed on reusable packaging, investigating its lifecycle impacts from production to disposal and contrasting it with conventional, single-use packaging. The packaging solutions under investigation cover takeaway containers and ecommerce packaging. In the takeaway sector, these are one reusable and one single-use. In the e-commerce sector, these are one reusable and returnable packaging, as well as two single-use variants made from LDPE film and paper, respectively.
This study aligns with the EU’s goals for a circular economy by examining the environmental impacts of single-use and multiple-use packaging in sectors like hotels, restaurants, and catering, including products such as beverage containers and trays. Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) models, it compares environmental outcomes across six case studies in four scenarios. The findings show that environmental impacts vary by packaging type and reuse frequency, with single-use packaging having lower climate impacts in some cases, while reusable options often excel in water use and broader ecological impact categories.
This report is an Addendum to the main report, titled ‘Assessing Climate Impact: Reusable Systems vs. Single-use Takeaway Packaging’ (hereafter referred to as the ‘main report’). The main report demonstrated the potential greenhouse gas (GHG) savings from implementing a reuse system for takeaway items compared to single-use alternatives. The aim of this Addendum is to build on the main report and apply the ‘per serving’ climate impact within the context of reuse schemes in two European cities: Aarhus (Denmark) and Berlin (Germany).
The report “Facilitating the Adoption of Takeaway Reuse Systems” by Eunomia, commissioned by Zero Waste Europe, examines the costs and policy measures needed to transition from single-use to reusable takeaway packaging. It finds that reusable systems, though initially more costly for vendors, offer significant environmental benefits by reducing litter and carbon emissions. The report recommends fiscal measures like taxes or levies on single-use packaging to level the playing field and fund reuse systems. It also suggests setting mandatory targets for reuse rates and implementing supportive policies to ensure high return and rotation rates, ultimately aiming for widespread adoption and significant environmental impact.
This report examines the challenges in Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) of reusable versus single-use packaging for takeaway, comparing two industry-commissioned studies with academic analysis. It highlights issues like low return rates, assumptions around washing and transport, and the impact of transparency on credibility. Key findings stress that suboptimal designs in reuse LCAs can skew results, underscoring the need for future-focused systems. The report advocates for realistic assumptions and robust data in evaluating reuse policy, aiming for improved sustainability insights for the fast-food packaging sector.
The document presents the findings of a survey conducted by forsa on behalf of Deutsche Umwelthilfe, which explored the use of single-use and reusable packaging for takeaway food and beverages among 1,502 consumers in Berlin. The survey reveals that while 86% of consumers use single-use packaging for takeaway, only 11% opt for reusable containers provided by shops, and 18% use their own reusable containers. Key barriers to adopting reusable options include the perceived complexity of return systems and the lack of available offerings. Consumers indicated they would be more inclined to use reusable packaging if it were cheaper, lighter, kept food warm, and there were more return points.
The article discusses the environmental impact of single-use coffee cups in Germany, which contribute significantly to waste and resource consumption. It outlines the scale of the problem, noting that billions of disposable cups are used annually, leading to considerable waste and CO₂ emissions. The article promotes the “Becherheld” initiative, which encourages the use of reusable cups as a sustainable alternative to disposable ones. It also highlights policy recommendations to reduce single-use waste, such as implementing deposit-return systems, promoting reusable options in cafes and restaurants, and raising public awareness about the benefits of reusables.
The 2023 Impact Report by sykell provides a comprehensive overview of the company’s efforts in mitigating its environmental footprint, advancing its sustainability objectives, and overcoming challenges in the packaging industry. Key achievements include replacing 1.2 million single-use packages, saving 44,800 kg of waste, 32,600 kg of CO2 emissions, and 658,000 litres of water. The report features an ISO 14040/14044 compliant life cycle assessment, showing that after 50 uses, EINFACH MEHRWEG reduces waste by 91% and water consumption by 74% compared to disposable packaging. The report also emphasises transparency in environmental, social, and corporate governance, and sets concrete sustainability goals for the future.
This study involved modelling to measure the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from reusable takeaway packaging compared to single-use equivalents. The results indicate that, for most types of takeaway packaging used in Europe, reuse through a safe, efficient system for collection, washing, inspection, and redistribution has potential to yield greater environmental benefits than recycling or discarding single-use containers. The study also highlights key aspects to optimise in designing and operating reuse systems.
This paper examines the potential for reusable container systems to reduce waste in restaurant takeout, addressing environmental and economic impacts compared to single-use packaging. Using a parametric life cycle assessment (LCA) and cost model, it analyses greenhouse gas emissions, energy, water use, and costs in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and assesses the role of customer behaviour. Findings show that reusable containers generally perform better environmentally, but their benefits diminish if customers make separate trips to return containers or excessively wash them at home. The study highlights how customer actions significantly influence the environmental outcomes of reusable systems.
The paper explores the economic and sustainability potential of reusable packaging in the restaurant industry. It highlights the environmental challenges posed by single-use packaging, especially in light of increasing waste due to the COVID-19 pandemic and policies like China’s National Sword. The study emphasises the need for reusable packaging systems to reduce waste and carbon emissions. It evaluates various models and their success based on social, economic, and logistical factors, using a life cycle analysis to assess the environmental impacts of switching from single-use to reusable packaging.
This document focuses on the environmental impact of single-use packaging in the takeaway food industry and explores sustainable alternatives. It emphasises that reusable packaging is a more environmentally friendly option compared to disposables, especially when used multiple times. The report covers the legal frameworks, ecological and social issues related to disposable packaging, and evaluates the sustainability of reusable systems. It also suggests strategies for increasing the adoption of reusable containers by both businesses and consumers.
The document analyses the environmental impact of reCIRCLE, a Swiss company offering reusable packaging systems for takeaway food. It compares the life cycle environmental performance of reCIRCLE’s reusable containers to single-use packaging alternatives commonly used in Switzerland. The study evaluates various factors, such as material production, usage frequency, washing, and recycling, to assess the overall carbon footprint and waste generation. The findings suggest that reCIRCLE’s reusable containers significantly reduce waste and greenhouse gas emissions compared to disposable options, especially when reused multiple times. The report highlights the potential environmental benefits of adopting reusable packaging systems and supports policies promoting their wider use to mitigate the negative impacts of single-use packaging.
The “Reuse Wins” report by Upstream Solutions highlights the environmental, economic, and social benefits of reusable packaging systems compared to single-use packaging. It presents data and case studies demonstrating how reuse can reduce waste, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and decrease pollution while promoting sustainable economic growth. The report argues that shifting to reusable systems in sectors like food service, retail, and shipping can save businesses money, create jobs, and protect natural resources. It calls for policy changes and business practices that support the transition to a circular economy where reuse is prioritised over disposability.
This study assesses the climate impact of food delivery packaging waste in China, focusing on single-use plastics. It evaluates the current system, highlighting the environmental damage caused by the growing use of plastic in food delivery services. The study also explores potential improvements through increased recycling, higher recycled content, and the introduction of reusable packaging. Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, it examines the effectiveness of these strategies in reducing the climate change impact of food packaging waste in China.
This paper focuses on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with packaging used in online food delivery services (OFDS). It quantifies the environmental impact of food packaging production and disposal in Australia, using a life cycle assessment approach. The study finds that packaging-related emissions for a single order range between 0.15 and 0.29 kg CO2e, with raw material production contributing over half of the emissions. It predicts a 132% rise in OFDS-related packaging emissions by 2024 and provides insights into reducing these impacts through better waste management strategies.
The document examines the environmental impact of single-use beverage cups, particularly those used for hot drinks in out-of-home consumption. In Germany, around 2.8 billion disposable cups are used annually, generating significant waste. The report highlights the challenges of waste management and littering, and evaluates voluntary and legal measures to reduce the use of disposable cups. Recommendations include promoting reusable cup systems, introducing deposit schemes, and implementing regulatory measures such as levies and better waste management strategies to reduce environmental harm.
The document provides educational materials about the environmental impact of hot beverage consumption “to go,” particularly focusing on single-use cups in Germany. It highlights the scale of disposable cup usage, the resources consumed in their production, and the waste generated. The material includes statistics on consumer habits and the environmental footprint of disposable cups versus reusable alternatives. It also offers suggestions for promoting sustainable behaviour, such as encouraging the use of reusable cups and supporting policy measures to reduce waste from single-use packaging in the beverage industry.
This document by Deutsche Umwelthilfe (DUH) focuses on the environmental impact of out-of-home hot drink consumption, particularly the widespread use of disposable cups. It outlines the large quantities of waste generated by disposable coffee cups in Germany (2.8 billion cups annually) and the resources consumed in their production, such as wood, water, and energy. The material also emphasises the benefits of reusable cups, explaining how they significantly reduce waste, conserve resources, and lower energy consumption. The presentation encourages shifting to reusable cup systems as a more sustainable alternative.
The paper examines the environmental impacts of different types of takeaway food containers – aluminium, polypropylene, and extruded polystyrene – by conducting a life cycle assessment to identify the most sustainable options. The study finds that single-use polypropylene containers have the highest impact on the environment, including global warming potential, while aluminium containers are second worst, particularly concerning ozone depletion and human toxicity. Extruded polystyrene containers have the lowest environmental impact due to lower material and energy requirements but are currently not recycled. The paper suggests that recycling policies in line with the European Union’s 2025 waste packaging goals could significantly reduce these impacts, cutting CO2 emissions equivalent to those of 55,000 vehicles annually. The findings are relevant for packaging manufacturers, food outlets, policymakers, and consumers.
The report assesses the environmental impact of KeepCup’s reusable cups compared to single-use cups (paperboard, compostable) and other reusable options (bamboo, polypropylene). Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), the study evaluates factors like carbon emissions, water use, and energy consumption. It finds that KeepCups generally have a lower environmental impact over time, particularly when used frequently. Recommendations include promoting energy-efficient washing practices, using alternative materials, and improving recycling options. The goal is to support sustainable alternatives to disposable cups.
The report evaluates the environmental impacts of various cup systems used at events, such as concerts or festivals. The study compares disposable cups made of different materials (plastic, paper, etc.) with reusable cups in terms of their life cycle impacts, including resource use, energy consumption, waste generation, and greenhouse gas emissions. The assessment considers various factors, such as the number of uses, transportation, cleaning processes, and end-of-life disposal or recycling options. The report aims to identify which cup systems are the most environmentally friendly, under which conditions they perform best, and offers recommendations for organisers on selecting the most sustainable options for beverage service at events, concluding that reusable cups generally have lower environmental impacts than single-use options
In an effort to facilitate a shift towards greater sustainability in the Nordics, this study provides an in-depth analysis of the environmental impacts associated with different types of packaging. Emphasis is placed on reusable packaging, investigating its lifecycle impacts from production to disposal and contrasting it with conventional, single-use packaging. The packaging solutions under investigation cover takeaway containers and e-commerce packaging. In the takeaway sector, these are one reusable and one single-use. In the e-commerce sector, these are one reusable and returnable packaging, as well as two single-use variants made from LDPE film and paper, respectively.
The document from the company Hey Circle outlines a sustainable packaging solution for e-commerce. It emphasises reducing waste and CO₂ emissions by replacing traditional single-use cardboard packaging with reusable boxes and bags. These solutions aim to cut 94% of waste and 76% of CO₂ emissions over their lifecycle. hey circle also highlights the importance of high return rates for maximising environmental savings. The company’s goal is to establish reusable packaging as a global standard, replacing millions of single-use transport containers by 2024.
This report explains RE-ZIP’s emissions calculation and reporting tool, used to assess the environmental impact of their reusable packaging solutions against single-use options made of plastic, paper, and cardboard. It describes the tool’s data sources, assumptions, and life cycle approach, detailing its alignment with ISO 14040/14044 standards and clarifying any deviations. The tool aims to provide transparency and accuracy in reporting emissions for RE-ZIP’s European take-back packaging schemes.
The “praxPACK” project explored reusable packaging solutions for e-commerce over three years, aiming to reduce environmental impact. Key findings showed that while reusable packaging can lower waste and emissions, its adoption is hindered by high costs and inefficient return logistics. Collaborative return systems and standardisation across providers were identified as potential solutions. The pilot partners reported positive customer feedback but faced logistical challenges. The project calls for continued efforts toward shared return infrastructure and industry cooperation to make reusable packaging more feasible in e-commerce.
The hot-spot analysis is intended as an environmental meta-study and focuses on alternative options for e-commerce with the aim of identifying possible strategies for improvement/areas for innovation to reduce packaging impacts. This report investigates single-use (SU) and multiple-use (MU) packaging solutions. These two solutions could be made of different materials (e.g., corrugated board, plastic bags, rigid plastic crates, paper bags, flexible packaging). The main focus of this analysis is the e-commerce supply chain, such as information related to online shops (and platforms), automatisation of processes, digital purchasing, shipping of products, as well as other relevant aspects, such as product damage, packaging void, empty load transport, logistics, return transport or weight of the packaging.
PostNord has studied the European e-commerce market in the E-commerce in Europe report since 2014. The report is based on interviews with a total of about 12,000 consumers in Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden and the UK. The report takes into account the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the European e-commerce market while generally analysing e-commerce trends in Europe and the world in 2020.
This paper analyses the environmental impact of reusable shipping packaging compared to single-use alternatives in e-commerce, focusing on carbon emissions. It takes into account the growth of online retail due to the Covid-19 pandemic. It evaluates a reusable polypropylene (PP) box and a reusable shipping bag, comparing them with single-use low-density polyethylene (LDPE) bags. The reusable shipping bag showed advantages after a few cycles, depending on the use of recycled materials, while the PP box required 32–81 cycles to break even in terms of CO2 emissions. The study’s carbon footprint comparison shows that reusable packaging is environmentally advantageous if it is reused often enough. To achieve this, however, political and economic incentives seem necessary.
The paper examines the environmental impact of parcel delivery in the context of online shopping for household and hygiene products. Using real-world data from a major retailer in the Czech Republic, it evaluates the life cycle environmental effects of two types of parcel packaging. The study found that using plastic cushions to protect goods is more environmentally friendly than using paper. However, the main source of environmental burden is electricity consumption in logistics centres, highlighting the need for energy efficiency and better space utilisation. The research also explored the potential benefits of using reusable plastic crates instead of cardboard boxes, showing that this could reduce environmental impact. The paper underscores the significance of logistics and product distribution in the growing field of online retail, particularly for household goods.
This study aligns with the EU’s goals for a circular economy by examining the environmental impacts of single-use and multiple-use packaging in sectors like hotels, restaurants, and catering, including products such as beverage containers and trays. Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) models, it compares environmental outcomes across six case studies in four scenarios. The findings show that environmental impacts vary by packaging type and reuse frequency, with single-use packaging having lower climate impacts in some cases, while reusable options often excel in water use and broader ecological impact categories.
This report highlights the significant impact of increasing reusable beverage packaging by 10 percentage points by 2030. This shift could eliminate over 1 trillion single-use plastic bottles and cups, preventing up to 153 billion of these containers from polluting oceans and waterways. The report emphasises the environmental benefits of reusable packaging, including lower carbon emissions and reduced marine plastic pollution. It also discusses the commitments of major beverage companies like Coca-Cola and Pepsi to increase their use of reusable packaging and calls for stronger regulatory measures to support this transition.
This document is the background report of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) and Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) study for Le Fourgon returnable glass bottle system. The scope of the product under study covers the production, use, and end-of-life of returnable glass bottles returned and reused with the deposit system from Le Fourgon, for water, milk, and beer.
This study builds upon Eunomia’s previous investigation into materials decarbonisation pathways. Focussing on the four materials with the greatest emissions globally, the study found that each will have great difficulty in reducing GHG emissions in line with a 1.5°C future by 2050, particularly if mass consumption continues and increases. Whilst studying the global material picture provides valuable insights; policymakers may find it more useful to have the same approach applied at the product level. Therefore, this study delves into the Net Zero pathways of aluminium, PET, and glass when utilised in beverage packaging within the EU, evaluating their potential performance within a cumulative GHG emissions budget that aligns with the goal of limiting global warming to 1.5°C.
The report analyses the environmental impact of single-use plastic food packaging compared to alternative packaging solutions. The report highlights the widespread use of plastic in supermarkets, noting that plastic dominates all packaging materials, especially in North America. Single-use plastics contribute significantly to plastic pollution, with food packaging playing a major role. The report draws from 33 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies, focusing on three key food categories: refrigerated products, fresh produce, and pantry goods. It identifies four main themes: the relationship between packaging and food waste, the potential of bio-based and biodegradable plastics, the viability of reusable packaging systems, and the limited consideration of plastic litter’s effects on ecosystems and human health. These findings provide recommendations for policymakers to consider alternatives to single-use plastic packaging in supermarkets.
The fact sheet from IFEU focuses on the environmental benefits of using reusable glass jars for food packaging. It compares the life cycle impacts of reusable glass containers with single-use packaging, particularly in terms of resource consumption, energy use, and carbon emissions. The document highlights that reusable glass jars have a lower environmental impact after several reuse cycles, reducing waste and conserving resources. It advocates for expanding the use of reusable glass containers to minimise environmental harm in the food industry.
The paper investigates reusable packaging business models for fast-moving consumer goods (FMCGs) to address global environmental challenges caused by their disposable nature. It focuses on identifying success factors, drivers, and barriers in a circular business model pursued by a company operating in both in-store and e-commerce contexts. Through interviews and a consumer survey in Berlin, the study highlights five success factors, including partnerships, operations efficiency, and consumer participation. Environmental concerns motivate consumers, while logistics and costs are major barriers. Recommendations for scaling these models are provided based on the findings.
The paper assesses greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from wine production in Germany, analysing data from five wineries, one wine cellar, and nine grape producers. The study finds that emissions range from 0.753 to 1.069 kg CO2e per bottle of wine, with the main contributors being bottle weight (31%), electricity usage (18%), and heat (11%). Most emissions occur during the winery phase, primarily due to packaging materials (57%). The paper identifies that reusing glass bottles offers the greatest potential for reducing emissions, surpassing the impact of reducing bottle weight. Combining bottle reuse with renewable energy and bottle weight reduction could cut GHG emissions per bottle by 47%.
This study aims at improving the environmental sustainability of an existing honey production supply chain, pursuing the Sustainable Supply Chain Management philosophy and the Life Cycle Assessment principles. Focusing the attention on the packaging stage and, in particular, on the most commonly used honey packaging solution, the glass jar, this study assesses the environmental burdens associated with its manufacturing, distribution and final disposal. It models various reuse scenarios involving collaboration between producers and a beekeeping consortium. The study compares these scenarios to the current packaging system in an Italian province, measuring five key environmental factors. Results show that a packaging reuse policy could reduce environmental burdens by 16% to 70%, depending on the reuse rate, over five years.
The paper assesses the environmental benefits of using self-dispensing systems for liquid detergents in Italian retail stores, where consumers refill containers instead of using single-use plastic bottles. A life cycle assessment (LCA) compared these systems to traditional packaging for various detergents, focusing on waste reduction, energy demand, and environmental impacts. Results show that self-dispensing systems can reduce waste by up to 98% and decrease energy use and environmental impacts, with greater benefits seen as containers are reused more frequently.
This study investigates the impact of packaging types (disposable vs. reusable) on the spoilage and damage of fresh fruits and vegetables during transport. It analyses damage rates across two distribution levels, showing significantly lower damage for reusable packaging. Additionally, it evaluates the freshness and bacterial contamination of produce stored in different packaging. The findings indicate that reusable packaging is more effective in reducing product spoilage, packaging damage, and food wastage compared to disposable alternatives. The study also explores the potential effects of temperature and humidity on product freshness.
This study investigates the economic, environmental, and social impacts of implementing a Deposit Return System (DRS) for beverage containers in Spain. The DRS model involves consumers paying a small deposit on beverage containers, which is refunded when the container is returned for recycling. The study assesses how a DRS could reduce littering, increase recycling rates, and lower greenhouse gas emissions. It also examines the potential economic benefits, including job creation and reduced waste management costs for municipalities. Additionally, the study highlights the positive effects on public awareness and engagement with recycling practices. The findings suggest that a well-implemented DRS could significantly contribute to Spain’s circular economy and sustainability goals.
This document from Brasserie Meteor focuses on their sustainable development strategy, highlighting the brewery’s efforts to reduce its environmental impact while maintaining quality in beer production. It outlines key initiatives the brewery has undertaken, such as reducing water and energy consumption, minimising waste, and using eco-friendly packaging materials. The report also discusses the brewery’s commitment to sourcing ingredients locally, supporting biodiversity, and enhancing social responsibility by fostering a positive work environment and engaging with the local community. Overall, it showcases Brasserie Meteor’s dedication to sustainability through concrete actions that align with environmental, social, and economic objectives.
The study analyses the breakage rates of reusable transport packaging, focusing on plastic crates used in pooling systems. It examines factors influencing breakage, such as handling, material quality, and logistics processes. The findings reveal that breakage rates are lower than often assumed, supporting the economic and environmental benefits of reuse. The study provides data-driven insights to improve the efficiency and durability of reusable packaging systems. It aims to inform businesses and policymakers on optimising reuse infrastructure and reducing unnecessary packaging waste.
This report represents the beginning of a series of analyses and evaluations of plastic-based reusable systems compared to their single-use competitors. Initially, three reusable systems were analysed and shown whether and under which conditions they have an advantage over single-use systems. In the view of the authors, the results already speak in favour of consistently implementing the waste hierarchy and thus the primacy of reusable systems, formulating conditions for deviating from the waste hierarchy and scrutinising existing deviations. A corresponding approach could accelerate the implementation of a circular economy and reduce the environmental impact of packaging.
The report compares two packaging systems: reusable plastic crates and single-use cardboard boxes. Commissioned by the Stiftung-Initiative-Mehrweg (SIM), it responds to studies by the European Federation of Corrugated Board Manufacturers (FEFCO) that claim corrugated cardboard packaging is superior. The report challenges this view, arguing that high reutilisation rates, which favour reusable systems, are critical for a circular economy. It highlights the environmental benefits of reusable packaging, particularly its role in reducing dependence on imports and promoting technological sovereignty. The report also calls for maintaining the waste hierarchy and using life cycle analyses to justify deviations from it.
This LCA report evaluates the environmental impact of Corplex’s reusable plastic flower transport box compared to a single-use carton box, aiming to identify the “breakeven” reuse point where the plastic box’s impact becomes lower. Based on theoretical data, four scenarios were modelled, assessing the effects of transport and tertiary packaging. The results suggest that reuse impact is heavily influenced by system variables, including pool size, replenishment rate, and box losses. The study includes a tool to calculate breakeven points, underscoring the need for optimising these factors for effective environmental benefits.
As the leading European provider of polypropylene (PP) layer pads used as divider sheets in the food, beverage, pharma, and cosmetic industries, the Cartonplast Group offers its customers reusable layer pads on a rental basis under strict hygiene standards. In 2014, the company conducted a comparative environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of reusable layer pads made from polypropylene (PP) versus corrugated cardboard (CB). This report discusses the results based on updated data from 2020.
This paper evaluates the environmental impact of distributing fruit and vegetables in Spain using reusable plastic crates versus single-use cardboard boxes. The study considers five impact categories, including global warming potential and energy consumption, and provides a detailed methodology to guide future assessments. Results show that reusable plastic crates consistently perform better than cardboard boxes across all impact categories and energy consumption indicators. Even in alternative scenarios, plastic crates are environmentally preferable. The analysis suggests that banning plastic packaging may not always be the best option, as it can be more sustainable in specific applications.
This paper analyses the logistics and environmental impacts of pallet pooling operations in a network serving a large-scale retailer. Pallets, as reusable transport items (RTIs), require careful management to avoid shortages and reduce the need for new production. The study evaluates various pooling scenarios by combining management strategies with different retailer network configurations. Using software with Geographic Information System (GIS) and routing capabilities, the analysis quantifies the logistical and environmental effects, showing that vehicle distances and pollutant emissions can be reduced by 65% and 60%, respectively. The paper offers insights for optimising pallet management to minimise environmental impacts and improve efficiency.
This paper evaluates the environmental impact of reusable plastic crates (RPCs) used in Italy for distributing fruit and vegetables. By conducting a life cycle assessment across 12 impact categories, including energy and water consumption, the study finds that the environmental benefits of RPC increase with their number of uses. It finds that initially, the impact is highest during the manufacturing stage, but with more deliveries, the reconditioning process becomes a significant factor. RPCs need to be used at least three times to outperform single-use crates in terms of environmental impact. The study’s approach can also be applied to other reusable packaging systems across Europe.
The study by Stiftung Initiative Mehrweg investigates the carbon footprint of reusable versus disposable packaging in Germany’s food industry. It analyses the environmental impact of different packaging materials, focusing on CO₂ emissions throughout the life cycle, from production to disposal. The research highlights how reusable packaging systems, such as crates and containers, significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to single-use packaging. The study provides data-backed insights into the benefits of reusable packaging for sustainability in supply chains, advocating for broader adoption of these systems.
This study compares the environmental, economic, and social impacts of three common European fruit and vegetable transport packaging systems: single-use wooden and cardboard boxes, and multi-use reusable plastic crates. Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Life Cycle Costing (LCC), and Life Cycle Working Environment (LCWE) methodologies, the paper finds that plastic crates generally have lower impacts in several categories compared to cardboard boxes, though wooden boxes and plastic crates perform similarly in others. Plastic crates are the most cost-effective overall and show a lower accident rate compared to wooden and cardboard boxes. The study highlights optimisation opportunities for all systems and stresses the importance of integrating economic and social dimensions into sustainability assessments.
The article explores how customer-driven supply chains impact freight transport management, focusing on optimising transport through collaboration. It examines whether new collaborative models, both vertical (with supply chain partners) and horizontal (with logistics service providers), are delivering better transport solutions. Using a multi-dimensional approach, including empirical evidence and expert discussions from industries like steel, grocery, and construction, the study argues that innovative solutions are emerging by harnessing the power of collaboration. Although centred on road freight transport in the UK and Europe, the findings have broader applications for other regions and transport modes. The paper emphasises the importance of combining vertical and horizontal collaboration to achieve better optimisation in transport logistics.
This document presents the TEXOSPACK project, which promotes sustainable packaging in the advanced textile materials sector. CAPSA PACKAGING contributed to the project with its CAPSA 2IN1® cardboard box, a sustainable packaging solution designed for the textile industry but applicable to other sectors as well. The document outlines key findings from an environmental analysis of the CAPSA 2IN1® box, highlighting its advantages over conventional cardboard packaging.
