The European Reuse Barometer provides an in-depth analysis of the reusable packaging landscape across Europe. It highlights the environmental and economic benefits of reusable packaging, but also recognises the significant scale required to make these systems viable. Key findings show strong consumer engagement, high return rates, and operational adaptability, especially in sectors like takeaway, retail, and e-commerce. The report underlines the importance of policy support, financial incentives, and collaborative infrastructure to overcome barriers, such as the dominance of single-use packaging and logistical challenges. The barometer ultimately aims to provide stakeholders with critical insights and support the European transition to reusable packaging through annual tracking and assessment.
The first part of the Give rEUse a Green Light report gathers scientific studies explaining how well-designed reusable packaging systems contribute more positively to the environment, the economy, and society than single-use packaging does. Nowadays 40% of plastics and 50% of all paper used in the EU is destined for packaging, therefore showing how recycling cannot be the only option out of the single-use packaging waste crisis. By illustrating the key parameters of an effective reuse system as well as the conditions that are needed to implement them, this report acts as a complete guide to the world of reusable packaging.
This study explores strategies to scale returnable packaging systems to reduce plastic waste, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and conserve water. It advocates for high levels of collaboration across industries to create efficient, cost-effective reuse models. The analysis includes environmental and economic modelling across product categories like beverages and personal care, highlighting the need for policy support and industry-wide infrastructure to make reusable packaging a viable mainstream solution. Moreover, these parameters are applied to 3 packaging categories in an open loop system: food containers for takeaway food, secondary transport packaging and beverage bottles.
The report “A Just Transition to Reusable Packaging” focuses on the conditions and benefits of transitioning from single-use to reusable packaging, primarily in the grocery retail and HoReCa sectors. It highlights the socio-economic impacts on businesses, workers, consumers, and communities, exploring how reusable packaging can create jobs, reduce environmental waste, and support local economies. The report advocates for policy frameworks and economic incentives to support this transition, and it emphasises the role of social enterprises in ensuring equitable outcomes for all stakeholders involved.
The report proposes a systems change to address the causes of plastic pollution, starting by reducing problematic and unnecessary plastic use, redesigning the system, products and their packaging and combining these with a market transformation towards circularity in plastics. This can be achieved by accelerating three key shifts – reorient and diversify, reuse, and recycle – and actions to deal with the legacy of plastic pollution.
This topic sheet is part of the publication “Turning off the Tap: How the world can end plastic pollution and create a circular economy”. It discusses the importance of reuse schemes as a scalable solution to reduce plastic waste at the source. It explains various models of reuse, from refillable containers to subscription services, highlighting their potential to cut plastic pollution, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and create economic benefits. The document emphasises the need for supportive policies, consumer behaviour shifts, and investment to scale these schemes. It also outlines key success factors, such as achieving a high number of reuse cycles and standardisation, to ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of reuse initiatives.
This study builds upon Eunomia’s previous investigation into materials decarbonisation pathways. Focussing on the four materials with the greatest emissions globally, the study found that each will have great difficulty in reducing GHG emissions in line with a 1.5°C future by 2050, particularly if mass consumption continues and increases. Whilst studying the global material picture provides valuable insights; policymakers may find it more useful to have the same approach applied at the product level. Therefore, this study delves into the Net Zero pathways of aluminium, PET, and glass when utilised in beverage packaging within the EU, evaluating their potential performance within a cumulative GHG emissions budget that aligns with the goal of limiting global warming to 1.5°C.
The report outlines a vision to achieve “30 by 30” — with 30% of consumable goods in the U.S. and Canada sold in reusable formats by 2030. It examines the significant environmental impact of single-use packaging and presents reuse systems as a viable alternative, especially for the food service, beverage, and consumer packaged goods sectors. The report advocates for transforming packaging from a product to a service, requiring new infrastructure, industry collaboration, and policy support. The aim is to establish scalable, local reuse systems that reduce waste and operational costs while addressing Scope 3 climate emissions, making reuse a sustainable, economically viable option for businesses.
Despite the proven environmental and economic benefits of reusable packaging systems, Europe has seen a steady decline in the share of reusable packaging over the last decades. This report examines the state of reusable packaging in Europe, highlighting its environmental and economic benefits over single-use packaging. It identifies the economic factors driving the shift towards single-use packaging and the resulting negative environmental impacts. The report aims to identify the packaging sectors with the greatest potential for transitioning to reusable options, advocating for targeted legislation and infrastructure to support this change. The study is part of the ReuSe Vanguard Project (RSVP), a collaborative European effort to promote reusable packaging systems.
“Breaking the Plastic Wave,” a global analysis using first-of-its-kind modelling, shows that we can cut annual flows of plastic into the ocean by about 80% in the next 20 years by applying existing solutions and technologies. The report argues that no single solution can achieve this goal; the only way to break the plastic wave is by taking immediate, ambitious, and concerted actions.
This report by TOMRA and Eunomia examines waste management models through three European case studies: Friesland (Netherlands), Milan (Italy), and Stavanger (Norway). It evaluates recycling rates, greenhouse gas emissions, and the effectiveness of systems like Deposit Return Schemes (DRS) and Mixed Waste Sorting (MWS). The study highlights that with improved policy frameworks and advanced waste processing technologies, recycling efficiency and environmental benefits can increase significantly, pushing Europe closer to its net-zero goals.
The report builds on proprietary research to create a framework for the viability of reuse systems and serve as a guide for the scaling of reuse. It discusses the three primary actors of systems change required, which will dictate the pace and trajectory of the shift towards reuse: consumers; business; the public sector. The report presents the Reuse Viability Framework, a proprietary ground-breaking tool created by the initiative, to establish the viability of reuse-centred production and consumption cycles and demonstrate the potential for superior economic, environmental and social impact relative to single-use alternatives. The report also highlights three potential scenarios for the development of a reuse economy by 2030 including one where that the equivalent of half of annual plastic ocean waste can be prevented by reusing just 10-20% of plastic packaging.
The report examines Germany’s packaging system, revealing that despite high collection and recycling rates, much of the plastic waste is incinerated, leading to significant environmental costs. The analysis shows that transitioning to a circular economy could cut waste, lower CO2 emissions, and reduce reliance on virgin plastic by 2040. It emphasises the need for a shift towards circular resource management, focusing on waste prevention and material reuse. Achieving this requires political will, industry action, and collaboration between stakeholders.
This document outlines policy recommendations to advance reusable packaging systems in the U.S. In line with Target 2 of the Pact’s 2025 Roadmap, which aims for 100% of plastic packaging to be reusable, recyclable, or compostable by 2025, the guidance addresses policy barriers and opportunities for reuse. It advocates for legislative and regulatory support to create a consistent framework that enables reuse innovation, fosters new jobs, and prioritises waste prevention over waste management. The document also highlights the role of businesses and other stakeholders in driving reuse policy and infrastructure development.
This document aims to standardise metrics for measuring progress on reusable packaging systems. It outlines a framework to support public and private sector stakeholders, including corporations, policymakers, and non-profits, in scaling reuse practices to combat plastic waste. Key areas covered include definitions and parameters for reuse, two prioritised metrics to assess progress (share of reusable product volume and reuse effectiveness), and detailed measurement approaches. The report emphasises the need for harmonisation in measurement to facilitate transparency, build consumer trust, and drive systemic change towards reducing single-use plastic and promoting a circular economy.
The European Reuse Barometer provides an in-depth analysis of the reusable packaging landscape across Europe. It highlights the environmental and economic benefits of reusable packaging, but also recognises the significant scale required to make these systems viable. Key findings show strong consumer engagement, high return rates, and operational adaptability, especially in sectors like takeaway, retail, and e-commerce. The report underlines the importance of policy support, financial incentives, and collaborative infrastructure to overcome barriers, such as the dominance of single-use packaging and logistical challenges. The barometer ultimately aims to provide stakeholders with critical insights and support the European transition to reusable packaging through annual tracking and assessment.
This is the first edition of the economic barometer for the bulk and reusable packaging industry in France. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state, challenges, and opportunities for growth in this emerging sector. The study aims to set a foundation for an annual review, focusing on key players, industrial capacity, and job creation potential in France, with projections through 2030. This barometer also examines industry needs and regulatory goals, and promotes a strategic framework for stakeholders—including companies, investors, and policymakers—to drive sustainable economic growth within a circular economy model.
The report “Facilitating the Adoption of Takeaway Reuse Systems” by Eunomia, commissioned by Zero Waste Europe, examines the costs and policy measures needed to transition from single-use to reusable takeaway packaging. It finds that reusable systems, though initially more costly for vendors, offer significant environmental benefits by reducing litter and carbon emissions. The report recommends fiscal measures like taxes or levies on single-use packaging to level the playing field and fund reuse systems. It also suggests setting mandatory targets for reuse rates and implementing supportive policies to ensure high return and rotation rates, ultimately aiming for widespread adoption and significant environmental impact.
This study explores strategies to scale returnable packaging systems to reduce plastic waste, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and conserve water. It advocates for high levels of collaboration across industries to create efficient, cost-effective reuse models. The analysis includes environmental and economic modelling across product categories like beverages and personal care, highlighting the need for policy support and industry-wide infrastructure to make reusable packaging a viable mainstream solution.
This study by Zero Waste Europe and Searious Business dives into the financial benefits of reuse systems. In fact, it explains how adopting circular economy principles could not only benefit Europe environmentally and socially but could also generate a net economic benefit of €1.8 trillion by 2030. The study identifies three parameters to decide on the performance of a financially healthy reuse system: rotation cycles before end of life, return rate and retention time. Moreover, these parameters are applied to 3 packaging categories in an open loop system: food containers for takeaway food, secondary transport packaging and beverage bottles.
The report outlines a vision to achieve “30 by 30” — with 30% of consumable goods in the U.S. and Canada sold in reusable formats by 2030. It examines the significant environmental impact of single-use packaging and presents reuse systems as a viable alternative, especially for the food service, beverage, and consumer packaged goods sectors. The report advocates for transforming packaging from a product to a service, requiring new infrastructure, industry collaboration, and policy support. The aim is to establish scalable, local reuse systems that reduce waste and operational costs while addressing Scope 3 climate emissions, making reuse a sustainable, economically viable option for businesses.
This article explores the renewed interest in reusable packaging due to increasing sustainability pressures from regulators and consumers. It discusses the barriers preventing widespread adoption, such as lack of infrastructure, cost, and regulatory challenges, and suggests that reusable packaging could either remain niche or become mainstream. The article identifies four key enablers — consumer demand, supportive regulations, product adaptation, and store readiness — that could help scale reusable packaging solutions significantly over the next decade.
The report sought to explore and understand consumer preferences, perceptions, and attitudes towards packaging. It reveals a strong preference for sustainable options. The study highlights that most consumers prefer paper and cardboard packaging due to its recyclability and environmental friendliness. It also shows growing concerns over plastic packaging and a demand for businesses to adopt eco-friendly practices. The report emphasises the importance of transparency, innovation, and sustainability in packaging choices to meet consumer expectations and drive the shift toward a circular economy.
This paper discusses the potential of reusable packaging systems in Europe, highlighting the environmental, economic, and social benefits they offer compared to single-use packaging. It outlines the challenges faced by reuse businesses, such as high initial costs and the need for scale, and proposes policy support, standardised definitions, and incentives to encourage adoption. The paper suggests specific reuse targets for various packaging types by 2030 and emphasises the need for government action, funding, and regulatory frameworks to support the transition to a circular economy and reduce reliance on single-use packaging.
This document provides a cost comparison model for reusable transport packaging systems, helping businesses assess the financial benefits of switching from single-use to reusable packaging. It outlines potential savings in areas like reduced material costs, lower product damage, and fewer disposal fees. The document explains how the higher initial investment in durable, reusable packaging can be offset by long-term savings through repeated use. It includes steps for calculating costs and case studies that demonstrate successful transitions to reusable packaging, ultimately promoting sustainability and cost efficiency.
This report by Eunomia, commissioned by Zero Waste Europe and endorsed by New ERA, examines the costs and policy measures needed to transition from single-use to reusable takeaway packaging. It finds that reusable systems, though initially more costly for vendors, offer significant environmental benefits by reducing litter and carbon emissions. The report recommends fiscal measures like taxes or levies on single-use packaging to level the playing field and fund reuse systems. It also suggests setting mandatory targets for reuse rates and implementing supportive policies to ensure high return and rotation rates, ultimately aiming for widespread adoption and significant environmental impact.
This report is an Addendum to the main report, titled ‘Assessing Climate Impact: Reusable Systems vs. Single-use Takeaway Packaging’ (hereafter referred to as the ‘main report’). The main report demonstrated the potential greenhouse gas (GHG) savings from implementing a reuse system for takeaway items compared to single-use alternatives. The aim of this Addendum is to build on the main report and apply the ‘per serving’ climate impact within the context of reuse schemes in two European cities: Aarhus (Denmark) and Berlin (Germany).
In an effort to facilitate a shift towards greater sustainability in the Nordics, this study provides an in-depth analysis of the environmental impacts associated with different types of packaging. Emphasis is placed on reusable packaging, investigating its lifecycle impacts from production to disposal and contrasting it with conventional, single-use packaging. The packaging solutions under investigation cover takeaway containers and e-commerce packaging. In the takeaway sector, these are one reusable and one single-use. In the e-commerce sector, these are one reusable and returnable packaging, as well as two single-use variants made from LDPE film and paper, respectively.
This document discusses the environmental impact of single-use glass packaging, which has a higher carbon footprint compared to alternatives like plastic and metal. It argues for prioritising reusable glass to reduce carbon emissions and lessen environmental harm. The report critiques the European Commission’s Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR) for exempting single-use glass from several circular economy requirements, such as deposit return systems, thereby giving it an undue advantage. Recommendations include setting stringent reuse and recycling targets specifically for glass, equalising deposit-return system rules across all materials, and implementing high recycled content standards to encourage glass circularity. The EU is urged to lead the shift towards reusable glass in packaging policies, supporting a more sustainable, low-carbon future.
This report examines the challenges in Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) of reusable versus single-use packaging for takeaway, comparing two industry-commissioned studies with academic analysis. It highlights issues like low return rates, assumptions around washing and transport, and the impact of transparency on credibility. Key findings stress that suboptimal designs in reuse LCAs can skew results, underscoring the need for future-focused systems. The report advocates for realistic assumptions and robust data in evaluating reuse policy, aiming for improved sustainability insights for the fast-food packaging sector.
This study involved modelling to measure the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from reusable takeaway packaging compared to single-use equivalents. The results indicate that, for most types of takeaway packaging used in Europe, reuse through a safe, efficient system for collection, washing, inspection, and redistribution has potential to yield greater environmental benefits than recycling or discarding single-use containers. The study also highlights key aspects to optimise in designing and operating reuse systems.
The study, commissioned by the European Federation of Corrugated Board Manufacturers (FEFCO), examines recycling and reuse in packaging within the European circular economy framework. It underscores the importance of packaging design that is “fit for purpose,” optimising both sustainability and functionality. Findings show that, while paper and cardboard packaging achieve high recycling rates (82.3% in 2019, exceeding the EU’s 2025 target), plastic packaging lags behind. The study acknowledges packaging’s role in reducing food waste and suggests that policies should consider both recyclable single-use and reusable options to balance environmental impact and practical demands. The report offers recommendations for future policies to support sustainable and efficient packaging solutions in line with the European Green Deal.
The report compares two packaging systems: reusable plastic crates and single-use cardboard boxes. Commissioned by the Stiftung-Initiative-Mehrweg (SIM), it responds to studies by the European Federation of Corrugated Board Manufacturers (FEFCO) that claim corrugated cardboard packaging is superior. The report challenges this view, arguing that high reutilisation rates, which favour reusable systems, are critical for a circular economy. It highlights the environmental benefits of reusable packaging, particularly its role in reducing dependence on imports and promoting technological sovereignty. The report also calls for maintaining the waste hierarchy and using life cycle analyses to justify deviations from it.
This paper examines the potential for reusable container systems to reduce waste in restaurant takeout, addressing environmental and economic impacts compared to single-use packaging. Using a parametric life cycle assessment (LCA) and cost model, it analyses greenhouse gas emissions, energy, water use, and costs in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and assesses the role of customer behaviour. Findings show that reusable containers generally perform better environmentally, but their benefits diminish if customers make separate trips to return containers or excessively wash them at home. The study highlights how customer actions significantly influence the environmental outcomes of reusable systems.
The “Reuse Wins” report by Upstream Solutions highlights the environmental, economic, and social benefits of reusable packaging systems compared to single-use packaging. It presents data and case studies demonstrating how reuse can reduce waste, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and decrease pollution while promoting sustainable economic growth. The report argues that shifting to reusable systems in sectors like food service, retail, and shipping can save businesses money, create jobs, and protect natural resources. It calls for policy changes and business practices that support the transition to a circular economy where reuse is prioritised over disposability.
Many consumers are moving from single-use plastics to reusable alternatives, often assuming these have lower environmental impacts; however, reusable items frequently involve more resource-intensive materials and have notable use-phase impacts. This study used LCA to examine the GWP, water consumption, and primary nonrenewable energy use of reusable alternatives for single-use plastic kitchenware, calculating environmental payback periods. Findings indicate that reusable options can offset their initial environmental impacts, depending on usage frequency, consumer habits, and—specifically for GWP—the carbon intensity of the energy grid. A key takeaway is that consumer behaviour and usage patterns significantly influence the environmental impact of reusable kitchenware.
This study assesses the environmental impact of reusing glass bottles for mineral water in Italy, contributing to sustainable resource management. Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), the study examines the effects of increasing reuse cycles, or “rotations,” on environmental outcomes. Part of a larger project on packaging reuse in Italy, it compares the environmental performance of reusable versus single-use glass bottles, incorporating bottle production, washing, end-of-life, and logistics in the analysis. Data was gathered through detailed inventory questionnaires from Italian mineral water companies using reusable glass bottles, complemented by field visits to two reconditioning plants, to identify the specific impact of reconditioning in the bottle lifecycle.
Packaging plays an important role in safely distributing products throughout today’s society and supply chains. With a consumption of about 40% of plastics and 50% of paper in Europe, the packaging sector is a large user of materials. Packaging has a lot of environmental impacts, while it also represents a significant cost in the current supply system. Reusable packaging has been suggested as an option to significantly reduce environmental impacts. In this paper, we review the trends in reusable packaging and the literature on reusable packaging to generate insights into the current state-of-the-art knowledge and identify directions for research and development. This can help to better understand the key factors underlying the design and impacts of more sustainable packaging systems.
With the understanding that packaging alone represents 36% of municipal solid waste in Europe, this report focuses on how and when the reuse of packaging is a better alternative than single-use. This is done by analysing the results of life cycle assessments that compare the environmental impacts of single-use to reusable packaging alternatives. The results demonstrate that the great majority of studies point to reusable packaging as the most environmentally friendly option. The report identifies the packaging types assessed by the various studies and what key aspects, such as the number of cycles or distances and break-even points, favour the environmental success of reusable packaging. It also discusses, in more detail, how specific packaging formats, such as bottles and crates, differ in impacts.
The paper examines the environmental impact of parcel delivery in the context of online shopping for household and hygiene products. Using real-world data from a major retailer in the Czech Republic, it evaluates the life cycle environmental effects of two types of parcel packaging. The study found that using plastic cushions to protect goods is more environmentally friendly than using paper. However, the main source of environmental burden is electricity consumption in logistics centres, highlighting the need for energy efficiency and better space utilisation. The research also explored the potential benefits of using reusable plastic crates instead of cardboard boxes, showing that this could reduce environmental impact. The paper underscores the significance of logistics and product distribution in the growing field of online retail, particularly for household goods.
The paper examines the environmental impact of parcel delivery in the context of online shopping for household and hygiene products. Using real-world data from a major retailer in the Czech Republic, it evaluates the life cycle environmental effects of two types of parcel packaging. The study found that using plastic cushions to protect goods is more environmentally friendly than using paper. However, the main source of environmental burden is electricity consumption in logistics centres, highlighting the need for energy efficiency and better space utilisation. The research also explored the potential benefits of using reusable plastic crates instead of cardboard boxes, showing that this could reduce environmental impact. The paper underscores the significance of logistics and product distribution in the growing field of online retail, particularly for household goods.
This study investigates the economic, environmental, and social impacts of implementing a Deposit Return System (DRS) for beverage containers in Spain. The DRS model involves consumers paying a small deposit on beverage containers, which is refunded when the container is returned for recycling. The study assesses how a DRS could reduce littering, increase recycling rates, and lower greenhouse gas emissions. It also examines the potential economic benefits, including job creation and reduced waste management costs for municipalities. Additionally, the study highlights the positive effects on public awareness and engagement with recycling practices. The findings suggest that a well-implemented DRS could significantly contribute to Spain’s circular economy and sustainability goals.
The paper examines the environmental impact of parcel delivery in the context of online shopping for household and hygiene products. Using real-world data from a major retailer in the Czech Republic, it evaluates the life cycle environmental effects of two types of parcel packaging. The study found that using plastic cushions to protect goods is more environmentally friendly than using paper. However, the main source of environmental burden is electricity consumption in logistics centres, highlighting the need for energy efficiency and better space utilisation. The research also explored the potential benefits of using reusable plastic crates instead of cardboard boxes, showing that this could reduce environmental impact. The paper underscores the significance of logistics and product distribution in the growing field of online retail, particularly for household goods.
This paper reviews the function and durability of plastic food packaging materials to evaluate their suitability for reusable applications, addressing a gap in research on how reuse impacts material properties. While plastics have long been a go-to for food packaging due to their durability and cost-effectiveness, most are designed for single use, contributing significantly to waste. The paper examines global policy efforts to reduce plastic waste and highlights the potential of reusable packaging schemes, focusing on the need for materials that can withstand repeated washing and use.
The report provides guidelines for implementing effective washing systems for reusable packaging. It covers best practices for cleaning, drying, and maintaining packaging materials to ensure hygiene, efficiency, and environmental sustainability. The document aims to help stakeholders in the reuse sector navigate regulatory requirements, adopt appropriate technologies, and optimise operations. It also highlights the importance of standardisation and quality control in establishing successful reuse systems.
The report provides guidance on the use of pool dishware in the foodservice industry, focusing on environmental benefits, hygiene standards, and logistical considerations. It highlights the advantages of shared reusable dishware systems over single-use options in terms of sustainability and cost-effectiveness. The document also addresses best practices for managing and cleaning reusable dishware to meet regulatory hygiene requirements while promoting the adoption of eco-friendly practices across the sector.
The “European Consumers on Reusable and Recyclable Packaging” report reveals consumer preferences and perceptions around packaging sustainability. Surveying over 7,000 people across Europe, the study found that while most consumers support reusable packaging for its environmental benefits, many confuse it with recyclable options, often preferring the latter for convenience and hygiene reasons. Recyclable carton packaging emerged as a favourite due to its ease of recycling, especially for products like milk, juice, and fresh produce. Despite concerns about reusable packaging, 71% of respondents want retailers to offer reusable options, highlighting a desire for brands to support sustainable practices through refill stations and returnable packaging initiatives.
The introduction of reusable packaging systems (both refill and return) has the potential to significantly reduce waste from single-use plastic packaging. However, for these schemes to be successful, both the environmental impact and the willingness of consumers to engage with such systems need to be carefully considered. This paper combines and discusses two complementary studies: (i) a life cycle assessment comparing the environmental impacts of single-use, refillable, and returnable containers for a takeaway meal, and (ii) a large online survey of UK adults exploring what types of product and packaging consumers are willing to reuse, how, and why.
The report sought to explore and understand consumer preferences, perceptions, and attitudes towards packaging. It reveals a strong preference for sustainable options. The study highlights that most consumers prefer paper and cardboard packaging due to its recyclability and environmental friendliness. It also shows growing concerns over plastic packaging and a demand for businesses to adopt eco-friendly practices. The report emphasises the importance of transparency, innovation, and sustainability in packaging choices to meet consumer expectations and drive the shift toward a circular economy.
The WWF report, examines the environmental impact of plastic packaging in France, highlighting that only 26% of plastic packaging is recycled, while the rest ends up in landfills or the environment. It emphasises the need for urgent action, such as reducing single-use plastics, improving packaging design for recyclability, and promoting reuse. It discusses the growth of plastic pollution, its effects on ecosystems and human health, and the economic costs of waste management. The report suggests that achieving a circular economy will require regulatory changes, corporate responsibility, and consumer awareness to drastically cut plastic use and waste.
